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Chapter 1
Introduction to Communication Studies
1.1 Communication: History and Forms
From Aristotle to Obama: A Brief History of Communication
Forms of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Group Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication
1.2 The Communication Process
Transmission Model of Communication
Interaction Model of Communication
Transaction Model of Communication
1.3 Communication Principles
Communication Is Integrated into All Parts of Our Lives
Academic
Professional
Personal
Civic
Communication Meets Needs
Physical Needs
Instrumental Needs
Relational Needs
Identity Needs
Communication Is a Process
Communication Is Guided by Culture and Context
Communication Is Learned
Rules and Norms
Communication Has Ethical Implications
1.4 Communication Competence
Defining Competence
Developing Competence
Overcoming Anxiety
Chapter 2
Communication and Perception
2.1 Perception Process
Selecting Information
Visual and Aural Stimulation
Needs and Interests
Expectations
Organizing Information
Interpreting Information
2.2 Perceiving Others
Attribution and Interpretation
Attribution
Impressions and Interpretation
First and Last Impressions
Physical and Environmental Influences on Perception
The Halo and Horn Effects
Culture, Personality, and Perception
Culture
Personality
2.3 Perceiving and Presenting Self
Self-Concept
Self-Esteem
Influences on Self-Perception
Social and Family Influences
Culture
Media
Self-Presentation
2.4 Improving Perception
Improving Self-Perception
Avoid Reliance on Rigid Schema
Be Critical of Socializing Forces
Beware of Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
Create and Maintain Supporting Interpersonal Relationships
Beware of Distorted Patterns of Thinking and Acting
Overcoming Barriers to Perceiving Others
Develop Empathetic Listening Skills
Beware of Stereotypes and Prejudice
Engage in Self-Reflection
Checking Perception
Chapter 3
Verbal Communication
3.1 Language and Meaning
Language Is Symbolic
The Triangle of Meaning
Definitions
Language Is Learned
The Rules of Language
Language Acquisition
3.2 Functions of Language
Language Is Expressive
Expressing Observations
Expressing Thoughts
Expressing Feelings
Expressing Needs
Language Is Powerful
Language Expresses Our Identities
Language Affects Our Credibility
Language Is a Means of Control
Language Is Performative
Language Is Fun
Language Is Dynamic
Neologisms
Slang
Language Is Relational
Language Can Bring Us Together
Language Can Separate Us
3.3 Using Words Well
Using Words Clearly
Level of Abstraction
Definitions and Clarity
Creating Whole Messages
Using Words Affectively
Figurative Language
Evocative Language
Using Words Ethically
Civility
Polarizing Language
Swearing
Accountability
3.4 Language, Society, and Culture
Language and Social Context
Language and Cultural Context
Accents and Dialects
Customs and Norms
Communication Accommodation and Code-Switching
Language and Cultural Bias
Race
Gender
Age
Sexual Orientation
Ability
Chapter 4
Nonverbal Communication
4.1 Principles and Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Principles of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication Conveys Important Interpersonal and Emotional Messages
Nonverbal Communication Is More Involuntary than Verbal
Nonverbal Communication Is More Ambiguous
Nonverbal Communication Is More Credible
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication Conveys Meaning
Nonverbal Communication Influences Others
Nonverbal Communication Regulates Conversational Flow
Nonverbal Communication Affects Relationships
Nonverbal Communication Expresses Our Identities
4.2 Types of Nonverbal Communication
Kinesics
Gestures
Head Movements and Posture
Eye Contact
Facial Expressions
Haptics
Vocalics
Proxemics
Proxemic Distances
Public Space (12 Feet or More)
Social Space (4–12 Feet)
Personal Space (1.5–4 Feet)
Intimate Space
Territoriality
Chronemics
Personal Presentation and Environment
4.3 Nonverbal Communication Competence
Guidelines for Sending Nonverbal Messages
Understand That Nonverbal Communication Is Multichannel
Understand That Nonverbal Communication Affects Our Interactions
Understand How Nonverbal Communication Creates Rapport
Understand How Nonverbal Communication Regulates Conversations
Understand How Nonverbal Communication Relates to Listening
Understand How Nonverbal Communication Relates to Impression Management
Increase Competence in Specific Channels of Nonverbal Communication
Kinesics
Haptics
Vocalics
Proxemics
Chronemics
Personal Presentation and Environment
Guidelines for Interpreting Nonverbal Messages
There Is No Nonverbal Dictionary
Recognize That Certain Nonverbal Signals Are Related
Read Nonverbal Cues in Context
Interpreting Cues within Specific Channels
Kinesics
Detecting Deception
4.4 Nonverbal Communication in Context
Nonverbal Communication in Relational Contexts
Nonverbal Communication in Professional Contexts
Nonverbal Communication and Culture
Kinesics
Gestures
Head Movements
Eye Contact
Haptics
Vocalics
Proxemics
Chronemics
Nonverbal Communication and Gender
Kinesics
Haptics
Vocalics
Proxemics
Self-Presentation
Chapter 5
Listening
5.1 Understanding How and Why We Listen
The Listening Process
Receiving
Interpreting
Recalling
Evaluating
Responding
The Importance of Listening
Listening Types
Discriminative Listening
Informational Listening
Critical Listening
Empathetic Listening
Listening Styles
People-Oriented Listeners
Action-Oriented Listeners
Content-Oriented Listeners
Time-Oriented Listeners
5.2 Barriers to Effective Listening
Environmental and Physical Barriers to Listening
Cognitive and Personal Barriers to Listening
Difference between Speech and Thought Rate
Lack of Listening Preparation
Bad Messages and/or Speakers
Prejudice
Bad Listening Practices
Interrupting
Distorted Listening
Eavesdropping
Aggressive Listening
Narcissistic Listening
Pseudo-listening
5.3 Improving Listening Competence
Listening Competence at Each Stage of the Listening Process
Active Listening
Active Listening Can Help Overcome Barriers to Effective Listening
Active Listening Behaviors
Becoming a Better Critical Listener
Becoming a Better Empathetic Listener
Becoming a Better Contextual Listener
Listening in Professional Contexts
Listening in Relational Contexts
Listening and Culture
Listening and Gender
5.4 Listenable Messages and Effective Feedback
Creating Listenable Messages
Giving Formal Feedback to Others
Giving Formal Feedback to Yourself
Chapter 6
Interpersonal Communication Processes
6.1 Principles of Interpersonal Communication
Why Study Interpersonal Communication?
Functional Aspects of Interpersonal Communication
Cultural Aspects of Interpersonal Communication
6.2 Conflict and Interpersonal Communication
Conflict Management Styles
Competing
Avoiding
Accommodating
Compromising
Collaborating
Culture and Conflict
Handling Conflict Better
Identifying Conflict Patterns
Negotiation Steps and Skills
6.3 Emotions and Interpersonal Communication
Perspectives on Emotion
Evolution and Emotions
Culture and Emotions
Expressing Emotions
Managing and Responding to Emotions
6.4 Self-Disclosure and Interpersonal Communication
Theories of Self-Disclosure
The Process of Self-Disclosure
Effects of Disclosure on the Relationship
Chapter 7
Communication in Relationships
7.1 Foundations of Relationships
Stages of Relational Interaction
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Social Exchange Theory
7.2 Communication and Friends
Defining and Classifying Friends
The Life Span of Friendships
Friendships across the Life Span
Adolescence
Early Adulthood
Adulthood
Later Life
Gender and Friendship
7.3 Communication and Families
Defining Family
Family Communication Processes
Family Interaction Rituals
Conversation and Conformity Orientations
7.4 Romantic Relationships
Relationship Formation and Maintenance
Love and Sexuality in Romantic Relationships
Romantic Relationships and Social Networks
7.5 Relationships at Work
Supervisor-Subordinate Relationships
Workplace Friendships
Romantic Workplace Relationships
7.6 The Dark Side of Relationships
Lying
Sexual and Emotional Cheating
Anger and Aggression
Chapter 8
Culture and Communication
8.1 Foundations of Culture and Identity
Personal, Social, and Cultural Identities
Identity Development
Nondominant Identity Development
Dominant Identity Development
Difference Matters
8.2 Exploring Specific Cultural Identities
Race
Interracial Communication
Gender
Sexuality
Ability
8.3 Intercultural Communication
Intercultural Communication: A Dialectical Approach
Intercultural Communication and Relationships
Intercultural Friendships
Culture and Romantic Relationships
8.4 Intercultural Communication Competence
Components of Intercultural Communication Competence
Cultivating Intercultural Communication Competence
Chapter 9
Preparing a Speech
9.1 Selecting and Narrowing a Topic
Analyze Your Audience
Demographic Audience Analysis
Psychological Audience Analysis
Situational Audience Analysis
Determine Your Purpose, Topic, and Thesis
General Purpose
Choosing a Topic
Specific Purpose
Thesis Statement
9.2 Researching and Supporting Your Speech
Finding Supporting Material
Types of Sources
Periodicals
Newspapers and Books
Reference Tools
Interviews
Websites
Types of Supporting Material
Examples
Explanations
Statistics
Analogies
Testimony
Visual Aids
Objects
Chalkboards, Whiteboards, and Flip Charts
Posters and Handouts
Pictures
Diagrams and Drawings
Charts and Tables
Graphs
Video
Presentation Software
9.3 Organizing
Organizing the Body of Your Speech
Determining Your Main Points
Organizing Your Main Points
Topical Pattern
Chronological Pattern
Spatial Pattern
Problem-Solution Pattern
Cause-Effect Pattern
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence
Incorporating Supporting Material
Signposts
Introduction
Getting Your Audience’s Attention
Use Humor
Cite a Startling Fact or Statistic
Use a Quotation
Ask a Question
Tell a Story
Introducing the Topic
Establishing Credibility and Relevance
Previewing Your Main Points
Conclusion
Summarizing the Importance of Your Topic
Reviewing Your Main Points
Closing Your Speech
9.4 Outlining
The Formal Outline
Principles of Outlining
Sample Formal Outline
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References
Examples of APA Formatting for References
Books
Periodicals
Online Sources
The Speaking Outline
Writing for Speaking
Chapter 10
Delivering a Speech
10.1 Managing Public Speaking Anxiety
Sources of Speaking Anxiety
Addressing Public Speaking Anxiety
Systematic Desensitization
Cognitive Restructuring
Skills Training
Physical Relaxation Exercises
Vocal Warm-Up Exercises
Top Ten Ways to Reduce Speaking Anxiety
10.2 Delivery Methods and Practice Sessions
Delivery Methods
Impromptu Delivery
Manuscript Delivery
Memorized Delivery
Extemporaneous Delivery
Practicing Your Speech
10.3 Vocal Delivery
Speaking for Engagement
Rate
Volume
Pitch
Vocal Variety
Speaking for Clarity
Articulation
Pronunciation
Fluency
10.4 Physical Delivery
Physical Delivery and the Face
Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Physical Delivery and the Body
Posture
Gestures
Movement
Credibility and Physical Delivery
Personal Appearance
Visual Aids and Delivery
Chapter 11
Informative and Persuasive Speaking
11.1 Informative Speeches
Creating an Informative Speech
Choosing an Informative Speech Topic
Researching an Informative Speech Topic
Organizing and Supporting an Informative Speech
Organizational Patterns
Methods of Informing
Informing through Definition
Informing through Description
Informing through Demonstration
Informing through Explanation
Effective Informative Speaking
Avoiding Persuasion
Avoiding Information Overload
Engaging Your Audience
Sample Informative Speech
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References
11.2 Persuasive Speaking
Foundation of Persuasion
Choosing a Persuasive Speech Topic
Adapting Persuasive Messages
Determining Your Proposition
Organizing a Persuasive Speech
11.3 Persuasive Reasoning and Fallacies
Reasoning
Inductive Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Causal Reasoning
Fallacies of Reasoning
Hasty Generalization
False Analogy
False Cause
False Authority
Bandwagon
False Dilemma
Ad Hominem
Slippery Slope
Red Herring
Appeal to Tradition
11.4 Persuasive Strategies
Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Dissonance, Motivation, and Needs
Cognitive Dissonance
Positive and Negative Motivation
Appeals to Needs
Sample Persuasive Speech
Introduction
Body
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13
Small Group Communication
13.1 Understanding Small Groups
Characteristics of Small Groups
Size of Small Groups
Structure of Small Groups
Interdependence
Shared Identity
Functions of Small Groups
Groups Meet Instrumental Needs
Groups Meet Interpersonal Needs
Groups Meet Identity Needs
Types of Small Groups
Advantages and Disadvantages of Small Groups
13.2 Small Group Development
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
13.3 Small Group Dynamics
Group Cohesion and Climate
Socializing Group Members
Group Pressures
Conformity
Groupthink
Group Conflict
Procedural Conflict
Substantive Conflict
Interpersonal Conflict
Primary and Secondary Tensions
Managing Conflict in Small Groups
Advantages and Disadvantages of Conflict
Chapter 14
Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups
14.1 Leadership and Small Group Communication
Why and How People Become Leaders
Leaders Emerge Because of Their Traits
Leaders Emerge Because of the Situation
Leaders Emerge Based on Communication Skill and Competence
Leadership Styles
Directive Leaders
Participative Leaders
Supportive Leaders
Achievement-Oriented Leaders
Leadership and Power
Legitimate Power
Expert Power
Referent Power
Information Power
Reward and Coercive Power
14.2 Group Member Roles
Task-Related Roles and Behaviors
Task Leader
Expediter
Information Provider
Information Seeker
Gatekeeper
Recorder
Maintenance Roles and Behaviors
Social-Emotional Leader
Supporter
Tension Releaser
Harmonizer
Interpreter
Negative Roles and Behaviors
Self-Centered Roles
Central Negative
Monopolizer
Self-Confessor
Insecure Compliment Seeker
Joker
Unproductive Roles
Blocker
Withdrawer
Aggressor
Doormat
14.3 Problem Solving and Decision Making in Groups
Group Problem Solving
Group Problem-Solving Process
Step 1: Define the Problem
Step 2: Analyze the Problem
Step 3: Generate Possible Solutions
Step 4: Evaluate Solutions
Step 5: Implement and Assess the Solution
Decision Making in Groups
Brainstorming before Decision Making
Discussion before Decision Making
Specific Decision-Making Techniques
Influences on Decision Making
Situational Influences on Decision Making
Personality Influences on Decision Making
Cultural Context and Decision Making
International Diversity in Group Interactions
Domestic Diversity and Group Communication
Chapter 16
New Media and Communication
16.1 New Media Technologies
The Evolution of New Media
Personal Media
Social Media
16.2 New Media and Society
New Media and Democracy
New Media and Ethics
Intellectual Property Rights and Copyrights
Content Filtering and Surveillance
16.3 New Media, the Self, and Relationships
New Media and the Self
New Media and Interpersonal Relationships
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